These haplogroups are found most often in Southern Europe and North Africa. In 2010, journalist Jean-Paul Mulders and historian Marc Vermeeren publicised analysis of samples taken from 39 patrilineal relatives of Hitler, pointing out this haplogroup was now common among Afroasiatic speakers. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Likely due to much gene flow between the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman), separated only by a narrow strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Haplogroups are normally identified by an initial letter of the alphabet, and refinements consist of additional number and letter combinations, such as (for example) A A1 A1a. R1b-M269 which is around 25% in Syriac Orthodox/Church of the East Assyrians and around 20% in Chaldean Catholics is from assimilated Indo-Europeans from Anatolia, probably from Hitties, Phrygians and from mixing with Armenians. Rarer ones like U9 show up in Ethiopia and Pakistan. Furthermore, each mutation defines a set of specific Y chromosomes called a haplogroup. Leonor GusmoMara BrinIva Gomes, in Handbook of Analytical Separations, 2008. Therefore, the Y chromosome and any mutations that arise in it are passed on from father to son in a direct male line of descent. The sample is most consistent with G2a3b1a samples and contains unusually high, rare values for markers DYS385B and DYS458 in this haplogroup G subgroup. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup&oldid=1142354429, Articles lacking reliable references from September 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with disputed statements from July 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Indonesia or South Asia (First Extinction Event? [70][71], Haplogroup J2 is commonly found within Asia Minor, Persia, Central Asia and the Caucasus Mountains and is frequent in modern and historical inhabitants of the Levant and Fertile Crescent especially among Jews and in Lebanon. He was also paternal grandfather of the founder of Clan Donald. By C. Barry Cox, Peter D. Moore, Richard Ladle. These have been found in Neanderthal fossils throughout Africa between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago. The Y-DNA Haplogroup T is considered unusual because it's both pretty rare and geographically widespread. Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. [59], Tested relatives of Protestant reformer Martin Luther belonged to Haplogroup I2a-Din-N (L147.2+). In Human Genetics, J2 haplogroup (AKA J-M172) is among the most frequent Y DNA haplogroups in the Middle East and in the Arab World. [64][65], Emperor Higashiyama (1675-1710) belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup D1a2a1a2 (D-IMS-JST055457/CTS107), which is a subclade of haplogroup D1a2a which is prominent among the Jmon people that make up about 30% of modern Japanese ancestry. J, Mitochondrial Eve is the name given by researchers to the woman who is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. G2a makes up 5 to 10% of Mediterranean Europe but is rare in Northern Europe. 30.3.1.1 Global distribution of Y haplogroups. More recently, however, it has been determined that the emergence of R-M222 predates Niall and may be more than 2,000 years old. . Q, N, 4). It is most frequently found in western and central sub-Saharan Africa, and seldom appears in eastern or southern Africa. Officially born in, Today, there are only about a handful of ancient lakes left in the world. [36] Ancient DNA analysis of the tooth of Cao Cao's granduncle, Cao Ding, showed that Cao Cao belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175. A haplogroup is a group of people who share a common paternal or maternal ancestor. Haplogroup D is passed through fathers primarily in the regions of East Asia. A rare subclade, it is found mostly in . The Y-DNA Haplogroup T is considered unusual because it's both pretty rare and geographically widespread. Significantly, Kennewick Man's mitochondrial DNA belongs to haplogroup X2a, and he exhibits the most basal X2a lineage . Therefore, the world and human history can be separated by regions and periods, approximately, using haplogroups to find people with similar types. The most frequent haplogroups found were R1b1a-M269, J-12f2.1, and T-M70, adding up to 80.7% of the total sample . Scientists think this group appeared (more on that later) between 15,000 and 22,000 years ago. Its age is still being estimated based on mutation rates, but 270,000 years is a close estimate (some researchers claim it could be nearer to 581,000! Although rare in absolute terms, R1a1-GML3* is the major sub-haplogroup found in Spain, France and Belgium, and also represents 11% of hg R1a1 chromosomes in Great Britain; its distribution seems . Many 23andMe customers that contact Customer Care are confused by their haplogroup assignments and what they actually mean. [42] A patrilineal descendant of Naphtali Hirsch Einstein (17331799), Albert Einstein's great-grandfather, was tested and belonged to E-M35 (E1b1b1). It is usually assumed that there is little natural selection for or against a particular haplotype mutation which has survived to the present day,[citation needed] so apart from mutation rates (which may vary from one marker to another) the main driver of population genetics affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is genetic driftrandom fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex. Haplogroup Ds carriers are largely responsible for the rapid expansion of Eastern-Eurasian populations 45,000 years ago, which is why these groups are now most common in modern East Asia. In other words, the mitochondrial lineage or mtDNA of this haplogroup is the most recent common ancestor of all living humans. I only wrote that Hitler's haplogroup is E1b1b, being more common among Afroasiatic speakers than among overall Germans. Usually you just have one or the other. . In this video, 23andMe customer care rep, Eleni explains haplogroups, including how, through 23andMe's haplogroup features, you can trace your direct materna. Other chromosomes, autosomes and X chromosomes in women, share their genetic material (called crossing over leading to recombination) during meiosis (a special type of cell division that occurs for the purposes of sexual reproduction). Region: Africa All the rest are speculations of journalists who didn't even take the trouble to read my article, although I had it translated into English especially for this purpose. [45], He was the sixth President of the U.S. His Y-DNA Haplogroup was R1b1.[45]. Even such rare haplogroups as W, V and R occur. Region: North-East Africa/Middle East . [33] In YFull's YTree a more detailed position is given for his Y-DNA under I-Y3120's subclades Y4460 > Y3106 > Y91535.[34]. The geographic origin is believed to be in the cressant fertile (Iraq,Turkey and Syria) The age is estimated to be 18,500 +/- 3,500 thousands years ago See more details about J2 . Niall belongs to Haplogroup R1b1c7 (M222). Haplogroups of the second extinction event seemed to diverge 3235 kya according to Mal'ta. Joy Ibsen's mtDNA was tested and belongs to mtDNA haplogroup J. This initiated Neanderthal subgroups mixing around 55,000 years ago. H2 (P96) Formerly known as haplogroup F3. Region: Anatolia One is a guy named Ust'-Ishim who died 45,000 years ago. Haplogroup D . L6, Basically, haplogroups refer to organisms that have a common ancestor, identified by studying the nucleotide and mitochondrial mutations in cells. Haplogroup I has been found in over 10% of the bodies in tested from Viking cemeteries. Scientists think this group appeared (more on that later) between 15,000 and 22,000 years ago. The Y-DNA Haplogroup T is considered unusual because it's both pretty rare and geographically widespread. Professor Michael Hammer of Family Tree DNA said that "scientific studies as well as records from our own database[,] make it clear that one cannot reach the kind of conclusion featured in the published articles." Region: East Africa Because a woman does not carry YDNA, if she wants to determine her paternal . Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus. ), Europe (Caucasus) (Second Extinction Event? Haplogroup DE-M145 is so named because it traces back to the ancestral population of haplogroups D and E, as well as a few other rare lineages. "Q-L940 is extremely rare among 23andMe customers. He is one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Birger Jarl, the founder of Stockholm, the modern capital of Sweden, belonged to Y Haplogroup I-M253, according to Andreas Carlsson at the National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden. [67] Sykes deduced that despite Somerled's reputation for having driven out the Vikings from Scotland, Somerled's own Y-DNA closely matched that of the Vikings he fought. Although haplogroup HV is most frequent in the Near East, where it probably originated, haplogroups HV0 and V are quite rare in that region. This Y-haplogroup indicates a genetic line of people older than what we call homo sapiens, or modern humans. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors were moving around throughout the Neolithic, even as late as the Bronze Age, and spread this group with them. 9 Largest Empires in the World, Your email address will not be published. This Y-haplogroup indicates a genetic line of people older than what we call homo sapiens, or modern humans. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. My paternal haplogroup is E-Z17467, 1 in 6400. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The Neolithic K belongs to this group, supported by Neolithic sites that predate European migration patterns at that time. Your email address will not be published. Several scientists have created their own theories about the Y-chromosomal haplogroup (and therefore the patrilineal ancestry) of Genghis Khan. All other U2 subclades are typically found in South Asia, where they can exceed 20% of the population in some regions, particularly in Pakistan and northern India where paternal haplogroups R1a and R2 are dominant. Descendant lineages of haplogroup M are now found throughout Asia, the Americas, and Melanesia, as well as in parts of the Horn of Africa and North Africa; almost none have been found in Europe. Only males can find their paternal haplogroup. This means that the women of Japheth, Ham and Shem were all Black/Negroid females. ), Pakistan, India (Second Extinction Event? Were going to do the crash course version. My Paternal haplogroup is E1B1A, which accounts for about 60% of African Americans. the study from publication in a reputable journal. The first thing we notice about the haplogroup spread from the Cherokee project is the great mix and high number of lineages (Fig. [dubious discuss]. What is the most common Y haplogroup? [21][22][23][24] They share mtDNA haplogroup J1c2c. This genetic pattern reflects the society organization of the Iberian colonies, which the Dominican Republic was part of, characterized by a high degree of interethnic . Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia. Citing Family Tree DNA's own data that shows that more than 9% of the German and Austrian population belong to E-M35, and that about 80% of these are not Jewish, Hammer concluded, "[t]his data clearly shows that just because one person belongs to the branch of the Y-chromosome referred to as haplogroup E1b1b, that does not mean the person is likely to be of Jewish ancestry."[54]. [60], Analysis of two beard hairs revealed that Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to Y haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*).[61]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [38], Charles Darwin belonged to Y haplogroup R1b based on a sample from his great-great-grandson. Scientists make inferences of descent as hypotheses which could be disproved or modified by future research. The only other people I've seen with this one are . It is also commonly found in North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Northern Asia. If that were the case, then the STR markers would be very valuable within the R-ZS3700 haplogroup. Yuya served as a key adviser for Amenhotep III, and held posts such as "Kings Lieutenant" and "Master of the Horse"; his title "Father-of-the-god" possibly referred specifically to his being Amenhotep's father-in-law. ), Y-chromosome and MtDNA geographic haplogroup assignation. Researchers believe that this group after migrating North became the dominant lineage among the foragers who eventually settled in Central and South Asia, becoming the Indo-Iranian groups. It is believed to have originated with metalworking peoples from the Caucasus or Anatolia who accompanied the R1b-dominant Indo-Europeans on their . The oldest haplogroup is haplogroup A00. One indication that mitochondria were once free living is that each contains a circular DNA, called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whose structure is more similar to bacteria than eukaryotic organisms (see endosymbiotic theory). L1, ), South Asia, Siberia (Second Extinction Event? Only four people in the whole world are known to belong to it, and two of them are dead. Haplogroup X2a. L0, Y-DNA is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. In this article, Sax states that the methods by which the DNA samples were taken from Hitler's relatives in this study would be disqualified from a reputable journal. And women, even back in the Neolithic era, were more likely than men to procreate with someone that did not belong to their ethnic group. Emanuel Swedenborg (16881772), the 18th century scientist and mystic from Sweden likely belonged to the haplogroup I1-BY229,[68] a haplogroup with a common ancestor about 1500 years ago who lived somewhere in central Scandinavia.[69]. [45], There are no living males known to descend directly from Genghis Khan, or any of his nearest male relatives. P, L5, [18], Richard III's mitochondrial haplotype was inferred from living descendants and then the identity of his remains confirmed through a multidisciplinary process including genetic analysis of both his mitochondrial and Y-DNA. Answer: It's biblical all the Matriarchs of Scripture descended from Black Women- There is only one Haplogroup for Black women = mtDNA "L". We have characterized the Y chromosome carried by President Thomas Jefferson, the general rarity of which supported the idea that he, or a patrilineal relative, fathered the last son of his slave Sally Hemings. The lineages which can be traced back from the present will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will have died out. Furthermore, the historical sequence of these mutations can also be inferred. Period: Middle Paleolithic. L1-6 gave rise to other L groups, one of which, L3, split into the M and N group. pre-JT, But knowing your haplogroup, and how you can use it, can give you much more clarity about your own ancestry. Age: 230,000 years Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. [2], Luke the Evangelist is a Christian saint and apostle born on 1st century A.D. in Roman Syria and died in Roman Greece. Haplogroup C is one of the rarest lineages to find in Europe. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA haplogroup N1b, rare in most European populations, was found to comprise nearly 10% of the Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA pool, and strikingly, haplotype analysis of this N1b haplogroup in Ashkenazi Jews revealed only a single lineage. K, B, Despite being relatively young, Haplogroup K has more subgroups than any other, the largest of which being K1a. mtDNA haplogroup H can be found within as much as 40% of European people, making it the most common maternal haplogroup in the west. It is believed to have been brought to Europe by Levantine migrants in the Neolithic age, such as the Jews and Phoenicians among the Romans immigration into Europe. What are the rarest Haplogroups? In 2019, Leonard Sax published an article titled "Aus den Gemeinden von Burgenland: Revisiting the question of Adolf Hitlers paternal grandfather". Note that the SNP counting of ancient DNA can be highly variable meaning that even though all these groups diverged around the same time no one knows when.[13][14]. Series of mutations such as this form molecular lineages. One other particularity of the French Basque is found within Hg J, more frequent than in the Spanish Basques . Required fields are marked *. Almost all European populations and a large number of Middle-Eastern population today are contained within this branch. Haplogroups can be determined from the remains of historical figures, or derived from genealogical DNA tests of people who trace their direct maternal or paternal ancestry to a noted historical figure. [27], In order to verify whether the body of a woman entombed near Sweyn II of Denmark in Roskilde Cathedral is that of his mother Estrid, mtDNA from pulp of teeth from each of the two bodies was extracted and analysed. This is a fairly rare haplogroup found mostly in men from the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. Haplogroup V is a relatively rare mtDNA haplogroup, occurring in around 4% of native Europeans. [11] Their common maternal ancestor, Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, and her mother, Queen Victoria, must therefore have shared this haplotype. Haplogroup F is believed to have originated about 65,900 years ago in Eurasia. U High frequency in West Eurasia, Indian sub-continent, and Algeria, found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe; U5 in particular shows high frequency in Scandinavia and Baltic countries with the highest frequency in the Sami people. [51] Given the sample size, however, this result cannot be regarded as conclusive and further testing of other documented descendants is necessary to help confirm or refute this finding. The male lineage of the medieval Bure kinship from Sweden has been identified as Y-DNA haplogroup G2a, based on several BigY tests carried out in 2014 on people living today. v. t. e. A haplotype is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, [1] [2] and a haplogroup ( haploid from the Greek: , haplos, "onefold, simple" and English: group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation. Scattered Haplogroup C variants do exist there, however, believed to be the result of Mongolian and Hunnic invasions. These 8 haplogroups are the oldest in the world! The modern distribution of H4a1 is rare and sporadic and has been identified in areas including the Canary Islands, southern Iberia and the Lebanon. L1 gave rise to branches L2-L6, with L3 giving rise to all the non-African haplogroups found today. F, Its age is still being estimated based on mutation rates, but 270,000 years is a close estimate (some researchers claim it could be nearer to 581,000!). The results of the studies of the remains of a man called the "Young Man of Byrsa" and "Ariche" has linked him to a very early and rare haplogroup found in Europe. G, Humanity first split within the L group between L0 and L1-6. Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b is the most prolific haplogroup in Europe and its frequency changes in a cline from west (where it reaches a saturation point of almost 100% in areas of Western Ireland) to east (where it becomes uncommon in parts of . When a mutation arises in a mtDNA molecule, the mutation is therefore passed in a direct female line of descent. In 2020, a genetic study showed that the figure of the French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat killed in 1793, had the haplogroup H2 (mtDNA). Haplogroup K arose within haplogroup U8~36 ka, . The most notable findings emerging from the analysis of haplogroup composition are: (i) lack of U8a mitochondrial lineage, a rare subhaplogroup recently identified in Basques and proposed as a Paleolithic marker, (ii) low frequency of haplogroup V, which conflicts with results of earlier analyses describing high frequencies in southwestern . The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers. Spanish. Period: Middle Paleolithic. Sax commented: Such methods obtaining material without the consent of the donor would generally disqualify Haplogroups were named in the order they were discovered, using the alphabet, A-Z (except O). It's the most important lines. In Europe, 90% of the population belongs to the macro-haplogroups HV, U, and JT (Macaulay et al., 1999; Torroni et al., 2000).The macro-haplogroup HV represents more than 50% of the population, it comprises the haplogroups H and V and HV .Among them, the haplogroup H an extremely widely distributed and has the highest frequency reaching 45% in Europe, 20% in Turkey and the Caucasus, and . Although Y chromosomes are situated in the cell nucleus and paired with X chromosomes, they only recombine with the X chromosome at the ends of the Y chromosome; the remaining 95% of the Y chromosome does not recombine. Age: 73,000 years Some contemporary notable figures have made their test results public in the course of news programs or documentaries about this topic; they may be included in this list too. Empress Alexandra of Russia's identity was confirmed by matching her mtDNA with that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. , yields younger age for most Native American haplogroups than the well documented archaeological date of modern human occupation at Monte Verde site in southern South America . C groups such as C4-M347 have even been found in Australia among descendants of the Aborigines, in keeping with extended migration patterns from that period. It is also common in Anatolia and around the Caucasus, in parts of Russia and in Central and South Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. The mystery of Haplogroup V (mtDNA) The clade is believed to have originated around 9,800 years ago in the Near East and spread all over Europe via Iberia. [45], He was the first Vice President and second President of the U.S. His Y-DNA Haplogroup was R1b1. S, A study conducted at Trinity College, Dublin,[62] found that a striking percentage of men in Ireland (and quite a few in Scotland) share the same Y chromosome. Subclade J2a is very common amongst Ingush, and has been found in West Eurasian corpses discovered in the Altai mountains.[72][73][74]. In his native town of Akhmin, Yuya was a prophet of Min, the chief "god" of the area, and served as this deity's "Superintendent of Cattle".[29]. This means the Y chromosome and mtDNA share specific properties. The C tribes continued to migrate throughout Southeast Asia. As part of the same analysis, mitochondrial types were determined for four further individuals, thought to have been the Royal Physician and servants. Extinction event #1 according to current estimates occurred after Toba, although older ancient DNA could push the ground zero extinction event to long before Toba, and push the first extinction event here back to Toba. [8], The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A. Haplogroup X is one of rarest matrilinear haplogroups in Europe, being found only is about 1% of the overall . This, in order to convey that he was not exactly what during the Third Reich would have been called 'Aryan.' How rare is the Y chromosome carried by the Jefferson line? T, The sample is most consistent with G2a3b1a samples and contains unusually high, rare values for markers DYS385B and DYS458 in this haplogroup G subgroup. The Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups found were the same as those found nowadays in Europe, but with a much higher percentage of the now very rare haplogroups I and X. Haplogroups I and X are each found in only 1% of the modern European population. Like haplogroup B, it only appears in Africa, with the highest frequency among the hunter-gatherer groups in Ethiopia and Sudan [58,61].A3b1 is a Khoisan exclusive haplogroup. In other words, these mutations are so unique that they could only come from other cells with the same mutations. [46], Y chromosome haplogroup C2c1a1a1-M407 is carried by Mongol descendants of the Northern Yuan ruler from 14741517, Dayan Khan, who is a male line descendant of Genghis Khan which was found out after geneticists in Mongolia conducted tests on them. Period: Middle Paleolithic. Therefore, not all men who belong to this haplogroup are descendants of Niall. The first man to carry mutation B was also a direct male line descendant of this man, but is also the direct male line ancestor of all men carrying mutation B. From a Y haplogroup perspective, the European lineages represent the majority of haplogroups, followed by the African clades and with a very rare presence of Native clades . [47] The Kerey clan of the Kazakhs have a high amount of the C3* star-cluster (C2*-ST) Y chromosome and is very high among Hazaras, Kazakhs and Mongols in general. However, weve traced the N group between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago and learned a lot about migrations during the Ice Age. V, It is a rather rare haplogroup, displaying a global frequency of around 1% (King et al., 2007), but nonetheless it is found at quite high frequencies in Sephardic Levites . Haplogroup I is a grouping of several quite distantly related lineages. All world haplogroups but East Asian and Australoid types like M are represented. Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia. The test result supports genealogical information recorded in about 1610 by Johannes Bureus. According to a article in a 2010 Knack magazine,[52] Adolf Hitler, dictator of Germany during 19331945, could have possibly belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E-M35 (E1b1b1) a haplogroup that is thought to have originated near or in the Horn of Africa about 22,400 years BP.[53]. This movement of Eurasias ancestors out of Africa supports widely held theories about an African origin for the older haplogroups, such as D and its subclades. Age: 70,000 years A maternal haplogroup is a family of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that traces back to a single common ancestor. South Africa produced this lineage as well as its numerous subclades, including haplogroups L1 through L6. E, MtDNA results indicate direct maternal descent while Y-DNA results indicate direct paternal descent; these are only two of many lines of descent. Niall established a royal dynasty which dominated the island for six centuries. Single changes from the original sequence are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Haplogroups define changes in the land and sea, the migrations and evolutions of people, and the building blocks of who we are. Haplogroup U dispersed widely. Haplogroup D was first discovered in Nigeria and traced back through other samples, tracing the likely movement of ancestral peoples out of Africa. In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors, who is credited with driving out the Vikings. They belonged to multiple human types, including Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, and even Neanderthals. The overwhelming majority of a human's DNA is contained in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell, but mtDNA is an exception. Subsequent testing in 2012 on a mummified head, purportedly that of King Henri IV of France, revealed that typing of a limited number of Y-STR's showed a Y-Dna haplogroup of G2a. [43], Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (17721834), the second emperor and shah of the Qajar dynasty of Iran belonged to Haplogroup J-M267 with DYS388 = 13 as deduced from testing of descendants of several of his sons. The cost of full Y-DNA and mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data; however, their cost has dropped dramatically in the last decade. [9], Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. This identity was confirmed by match to that of her grand-nephew, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[11][13]. They frequently hold the mtDNA haplogroups . The highest concentration of Haplogroup G men is found today in the Caucasus Mountains, in several small states to the south of Russia, and in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. . The most basal and rare E1a* paragroup has been found at lower frequencies in samples obtained from Moroccan Berbers, and Sahrawis. L2, D Some Amerindians, many Siberians and northern East Asians, E Malay, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwanese aborigines, Papua New Guinea, G Many Northeast Siberians, northern East Asians, and Central Asians, Q Melanesian, Polynesian, New Guinean populations, A Found in many Amerindians and some East Asians and Siberians, I 10% frequency in Northern, Eastern Europe, W Some Eastern Europeans, South Asians, and southern East Asians, X Some Amerindians, Southern Siberians, Southwest Asians, and Southern Europeans, Y Most Nivkhs and people of Nias; many Ainus, Tungusic people, and Austronesians; also found with low frequency in some other populations of Siberia, East Asia, and Central Asia. HV0/V are found in less than 1% of the Middle Eastern population in average, and are almost completely absent from the Arabian peninsula. In the case of males, their mother's direct female lineage descendants are tested. In a very real way, the dispersion of haplogroups defined your family ancestry and the regional differences that make us, us.