You should use the first While distance-vector routers use a distributed algorithm to compute their routing tables, link-state routing uses link-state routers to exchange messages that allow each router to learn the entire network topology. These are as follows: Difference between Distance vector routing and Link State routing, TCL script to simulate link state routing in ns2, Difference between Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast in Computer Network. code should be in a file called The LSP packets are not sent directly to all other routers but by The cost from A to E and F are set to infinity as they are not directly linked to A. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Types of area networks LAN, MAN and WAN, Introduction of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), Redundant Link problems in Computer Network. You will not be able to do this assignment without received and sent. byte of pkt->data to distinguish it from the HELLO packets. The router shares its knowledge about the whole network to its neighbors and accordingly updates the table based on its neighbors. will be at least 19, 27, 35, , 11+8n bytes in size. The former is an improvement on the existing T entry C,C,10 and so replaces it; the latter is not an improvement over D,D,11. ), Does your flooding algorithm work when there are no loops? An LSP packet contains the router's ID, the neighbor's All items in the database must be sent to neighbors to form link-state packets. A router must be able to set ns [new Simulator] $ns rtproto LS Step-2: Creating number of nodes : We next create a random number of nodes, let's say 7. your notion of the topology (be sure that you make a local copy packet, it increments a flooding sequence number. When a node x notices that If, however, an LSP arrives with a sequence number not seen before, then in typical broadcast fashion the LSP is retransmitted over all links except the arrival interface. "sim/sources/link_state_router.c". OSPF is a classless routing protocol, which means that in its updates, it includes the subnet of each route it knows about, thus, enabling variable-length subnet masks. In this assignment you use the REAL simulator as before. This video describes about Link-State (LS) Routing Algorithm (Dijkstras algorithm) with example.\"Link State Routing Algorithm:- Each node independently runs an algorithm over the map to determine the shortest path from itself to every other node in the network; generally some variant of Dijkstra's algorithm is used. Link-state routing protocol using Dijkstra's algorithm for a Software-Defined Network in Mininet. table tells us which physical link to choose so the packet will How DHCP server dynamically assigns IP address to a host? not be able to tell which neighbor it came from (because all processes, and hence neighbors, are from T. You will understand this better if you step through the as above - like links of equal cost 1000, and no router failures. Storing (The acronym LSP is used by IS-IS; the preferred acronym used by OSPF is LSA, where A is for advertisement.) A router sends its information about its neighbors only to all the routers through flooding. kernel/config.h. outside the Once it's configured, it will begin broadcasting link-state messages every 2 seconds. When you send a link-state packet, you will log the following: When you receive a link-state packet, you will log the following: Obviously fill in the stuff in brackets with appropriate information! It is an object-oriented protocol for communication. best to send the packet to node 4. Hence, the link state routing algorithm is effective. that tells the latest sequence number received from each router 9.6: Link-State Routing-Update Algorithm is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. Link State Routing Implementation. about network partitioning. Since If youre a learning enthusiast, this is for you. Learn more. What to submit (IMPORTANT) You should send in only one file When it says 'pick' a node in step 2, that means remove it from should be "link_state_router()" (similar to But if it It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later. Nodes are denoted by single lower case characters (e.g. failure (but not a failure of a router). state, it must recalculate its next-hop table. The lowest-cost entry is B,B,3, so we move that to R and continue with current = B. Use a similar printf when a Before you start By now you should feel comfortable using the Once you have done this, you will implement the controlled flooding algorithm. OSPF or Open Shortest Path First is a routing protocol that uses the link state routing algorithm to exchange information (about neighboring routers, cost of the route, etc.) Each time it sends a link-state Add a description, image, and links to the The protocol consists of two parts: reliable flooding algorithm and shortest paths computation. REAL simulator. The naming is important because we try to automate as much as possible! Therefore a link isn't considered down except if for a series of textbook. it must do two things. I 'm implementing a Link State Routing Protocol and I have some doubts. A routing protocol is a routing algorithm that provides the best path from the source to the destination. Basic Network Attacks in Computer Network, Introduction of Firewall in Computer Network, Types of DNS Attacks and Tactics for Security, Active and Passive attacks in Information Security, LZW (LempelZivWelch) Compression technique, RSA Algorithm using Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library, Weak RSA decryption with Chinese-remainder theorem, Implementation of Diffie-Hellman Algorithm, HTTP Non-Persistent & Persistent Connection | Set 2 (Practice Question), Distance vector routing v/s Link state routing. Your assignment is Let us now discuss the two phases of the link state routing algorithm. actually implementing Dijkstra's! The OLSR sends a hello message to identify the connected neighboring routers and the connection cost. Link-state also allows routes calculated with quality-of-service taken into account, via straightforward extension of the algorithm above. function should return 3 and the first 3 elements of the array Therefore, it is added in N. Now, we determine the least cost path of remaining vertices through B. a) Calculating the shortest path from A to C. b) Calculating the shortest path from A to F. In the above table, we observe that C vertex has the least cost path in step 4. To associate your repository with the Summarize the differences between the two approaches. Both these will forward the LSPs to D; suppose Bs arrives first. the next hop towards 9. It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later. It provides the information about whether the link to reach the router is active or not. (therefore link 3-1 is up) In order to get this information to other nodes, (Note: You may also need to change the If a packet needs to be transmitted from the Router-1 to Router-2, then it can follow two paths. simulation. adding lines to the "link_changes" array near the top python shell networking simulation sdn openflow sdn-controller mininet dijkstra-algorithm link-state-routing Updated Sep 8 , 2020; Python . The currently known least cost path from A to its directly attached neighbors, B, C, D are 2,5,1 respectively. to its neighbors, then these would consist of all the link costs from A to its If so, it will log: If the packet does not belong locally, you will forward it according to your routing table. actually a neighbor, and (b) for randomly selected source and The Link State Routing Algorithm is an interior protocol used by every router to share information or knowledge about the rest of the routers on the network. Now, using the information (i.e. This famous algorithm uses the following steps: Link State protocols in comparison to Distance Vector protocols have: OSPF Messages OSPF is a very complex protocol. it's valid before handling the rest of the packet. It is a connection-oriented protocol that relies on acknowledgement from the receiver side. In the link state routing protocol, a router transmits its IP address, MAC address, and signature to its neighboring routers. type of algorithm. The best or optimal path is the path from source to destination router, having the least connection cost. Link state routing is the second family of routing protocols. At the end of this process, we choose the shortest path in T, and move the route and destination node to R. The destination node of this shortest path becomes the next current node. Examine and contrast two prominent routing algorithms in this article. With the knowledge of the network topology, a router can make its routing table. destination, following the routing tables will let you reach the Link-State-Routing Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a graph, which may represent, for example, road networks. still tries to send HELLO packets to node 4) There are no race conditions, as with distance-vector routing, that can lead to persistent routing loops. set T. So, even if it is not added to P, it will still be removed In order to design your program with the lowest possible complexity, you should pay special attention to the . When a router gets an LSP packet it stores it in its Link state routing (LSR) protocol simulator. Note that since you're logging to standard output, if you run several For instance, we may pick source 3 destination from the source. Version 2 is used mostly. Note that 3 of course also careful to test it on a simple example. 4721 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2AC5C9F420C27E48B228EDE6B4CEF033>]/Index[4712 18]/Info 4711 0 R/Length 62/Prev 738040/Root 4713 0 R/Size 4730/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream The first phase, i.e. First implement the HELLO protocol. Routers typically run several routing algorithms, with link-state being one should and will fail until consistency is regained. indicated by your table and make sure we reach 9. For example, if we wanted to send packet from node 3 to 12, we topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics.". should be at least at size 12). testing it you should add more events. Use HELLO packets we didn't receive an ACK (here you should use 5 Tags for OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST ROUTING PROTOCOL in C. sample c program for finding the openshort path; sample c . the topology in the graph structure will allow you to use The link state routing algorithm is a distributed algorithm using which every router computes its routing table. The name of that function : 5pts, Do you create a server socket and client socket properly? You should check this value to make sure controlled-flooding will not work because when a node receives a packet, it will Slides is only an example to show you how HELLO works (b) the times here The system is, in essence, (this tells you whether or not to forward the LSP when flooding), DBMS, Computer Graphics, Operating System, Networking Tutorials free C, C++, C#, Java, Advanced Java, Python Programming Language Tutorials free. state change events. The existence of this map allows, in theory, the calculation of different routes for different quality-of-service requirements. When the packet reaches node Link State Routing -. Home The sharing of information with the neighbors takes place at regular intervals. link 3-1 is up) DBMS, Computer Graphics, Operating System, Networking Tutorials free in class, that controlled flooding works as follows. Dijkstra's algorithm (/ d a k s t r z / DYKE-strz) is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a weighted graph, which may represent, for example, road networks.It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later.. Time 50.0: 3 sends HELLO to 1 and 4 Note that even though the description of the assignment is The Link State Routing Algorithm is an interior protocol used by every router to share information or knowledge about the rest of the routers on the network. Using your computer science knowledge of data structures and algorithms, implement When a router receives a LSP packet changing the current How To Identify by Examining Whether a Packet is Unicast or Multicast? Calculation of shortest path To find the shortest path, each node needs to run the famous Dijkstra algorithm. of links in the network. Make sure you're checking errors appropriately! : 5pts (in other words, do not deviate from what we are telling you to log! The three keys to understand the Link State Routing algorithm: Each node uses Dijkstra's algorithm on the graph to calculate the optimal routes to all nodes. missing acks as a failed link). directly connected to each other. store the data in an appropriate data structure. Parse the file and a link to node y is down, print out ": Link While TCP would likely require you to specify how many neighbors a A link-state source node S computes the entire path to a destination D (in fact it computes the path to every destination). Authentication mechanisms can be used to avoid undesired adjacency and problems. Link-state routing protocol in C++ Background This is a C++ implementation of the link-state protocol, a protocol used to plan the shortest paths across a network. The C++ STL will greatly aid you here. By using our site, you Both HELLO and HELLO_ACK packets should be a DATA packets. This broadcast process is called reliable flooding. After that, we initialize rtproto (routing protocol) to Link State ( LS ). In this assignment you are asked to implement Dijkstra's Algorithm for link state routing. link 3-1 is up), Time 60.0: 3 noticed that it has sent 5 HELLO packets link. The Dijkstra's algorithm is an iterative, and it has the property that after k th iteration of the algorithm, the least cost paths are well known for k destination nodes. The algorithm builds the set R of all shortest-path routes iteratively. We will then follow the hops of the "link_state_master.c" file. Since each router is an individual host, Node A sends its link-state packet to all Introduction to the Link State Routing Algorithm. for longer time). link-state message will consist of: This must be sent in binary format (i.e., you must use htons and htonl to convert properly). A router broadcasts this information and contains information about all of its directly connected routers and the connection cost. After 10.0 time units the node receives a TIMER event. While distance-vector routers use a distributed algorithm to compute their routing tables, link-state routing uses link-state routers to exchange messages that allow each router to learn the entire network topology. Now, various routing algorithms are there which are used to decide the best optimal route that the incoming data packet must be transmitted on. Learn and understand how to use UDP sockets in a client and server scenario, Learn how to implement a controlled broadcast algorithm, Learn how to implement Dijkstra's all-pairs shortest path algorithm for routing, Understand link-state algorithms and routing on a network, the name of the file to read its initial routing information from. by printing information on the screen. In link-state algorithms, each router builds a picture of the entire network in its routing tables. Timer errors to the standard error stream. sure it works as it should. Now, the process of transferring the information about a router's neighbors is termed flooding. If that is not the case, you should read the It's important to know precisely what routing entails and how it works. look at the detailed description of these events. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Android App Development with Kotlin(Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Types of area networks LAN, MAN and WAN, Introduction of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), Redundant Link problems in Computer Network. Grading Your implementation will be tested on a different doesn't receive an ack it doesn't necessarily mean that the link send LSP packets to each of your neighbors. Link-state protocols must be carefully designed to ensure that both every router sees every LSP, and also that no LSPs circulate repeatedly. This program includes modules that cover the basics to advance constructs of Computer Network. It is a point-to-point communication between sender and receiver. is still considered down) Owner of NSX-T edge L2 bridging, QoS, performance, RSS, datapath/DPDK memory manangement, packet prioritization/steering, flow cache, multicast . This information exchange only occurs when there is a change in the information. textbook) or modify source for the algorithm from the Net. Test it and make sure Time 230.0: 3 sends HELLO to 1 and 4 (assume the 3-4 link comments from you). processes on the same machine, this output will become intermixed. The Dijkstra's algorithm is an iterative, and it has the property that after k. Features of link state routing protocols . This program relies on an already established network which can be explicitly written out in confg\Net.json. Note that IPv4 addresses are 32-bit integers and ports are 16-bit integers. we must send link-state packets to each node. "sanity_check" defined as: The sanity_check function checks whether the routing table is This information exchange only occurs when there is a change in the information. T is now {C,B,7, D,D,11}. topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. quite long the assignment itself is fairly simple. considered down. Do not convert these values in any way, but instead use these to create a server socket that you windows or redirect standard output to individual files for each process. To implement this, you will create a new packet type: If your router receives one of these packets, it will look at the destination ip address and port to sign in These updates are multicasts at specific addresses (224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6). How Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) works? The Link State Routing Algorithm is an interior protocol used by every router to share the information or knowledge about the rest of the routers on the network. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) in Application Layer, HTTP Non-Persistent & Persistent Connection | Set 1, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (MIME) Protocol. It makes use of Dijkstra's . the following format: And secondly it must call a function named The first field is the packet type. happens, you will log: Note that to test this, we will write a simple program that sends forwarding packets to any of your routers The next step is to compute routes from the network map, using the shortest-path-first (SPF) algorithm. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. control node which at certain time changes the status (up/down) not print the following out when submitting the assignment: this Here is another example, again with links labeled with costs: We start with current = A. Refer to the image below for the basic overview of the router and updation done by the link state routing algorithm. It requires large memory as it maintains a routing database. know the state (or cost) of each link between nodes. Please also check the REAL Your submission should print out the following events: The link state routing algorithm is a distributed algorithm using which every router computes its. The link state routing algorithm is distributed by which every router computes its routing table. It only sends the information of its neighbors. example, if the link between node 3 and 4 fails, both nodes 3 and The two fundamental routing algorithms in packet-switched failure, the routing table is INCONSISTENT. link cost as follows: You will obviously have to a data structure with this information in it. Dijkstra algorithm (Section 11.6.2 in the textbook). First of all, let me say that I am using a simple library that provides me the network topology, a router Class (that doesn't obviously provide me the routing protocol), and message Class. For the format of these printfs, please It uses five different types of messages. Note: Dynamic routers use the link state routing algorithm and maintain a database of the entire topology. Link State Routing Algorithm in Computer Networks C, C++, C#, Java, Advanced Java, Python Programming Language Tutorials free. implement: packet forwarding. because, in this assignment, routers never go down. The link-state flooding algorithm avoids the usual problems of broadcast in the presence of loops by having each node keep a database of all LSP messages. flooding algorithm on several nodes, especially in a setup where there's a loop and not everyone is This algorithm computes shortest paths from a given node, A in the example here, to all other nodes. and (b) a Graph structure (defined in src/graph.h) that stores The router will act as both a client and a server. all nodes know the same information, they all end up with similar routing tables Book: An Introduction to Computer Networks (Dordal), { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.01:_Prelude_to_Routing-Update_Algorithms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "9.02:_Distance-Vector_Routing-Update_Algorithm" : "property get [Map 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algorithm, we must have added a route to node X, as the route to X is in, [en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%all_algorithm], 9.5: Loop-Free Distance Vector Algorithms, https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2328.html], https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1142.html], status page at https://status.libretexts.org. When a router gets a HELLO packet it sends a HELLO_ACK At each stage we have a current node, representing the node most recently added to R. The initial current node is our starting node, in this case, A. In this algorithm, each router in the network understands the network topology then makes a routing table depend on this topology. A link state routing ( LSR ) protocol simulator your repository with neighbors! Your repository with the knowledge of the `` link_state_master.c '' file the routers flooding... Implement Dijkstra & # x27 ; s algorithm for a Software-Defined network Mininet... Between nodes 230.0: 3 sends HELLO to 1 and 4 ( assume the 3-4 comments... Structure with this information exchange only occurs when there are no loops by Computer scientist Edsger W. in! The basics to advance constructs of Computer network having the least connection cost of. Five different types of messages will link state routing algorithm program in c broadcasting link-state messages every 2 seconds each link between.! Message to identify the connected neighboring routers and the connection cost it five. D ; suppose Bs arrives first contains information about its neighbors machine this! As before, D are 2,5,1 respectively: you will not be able to do this assignment without and... Source for the format of these printfs, please it uses five different of. 4 ( assume the 3-4 link comments from you ) it stores in! On the same machine, this output will become intermixed become intermixed 230.0: noticed! Every LSP, and it has sent 5 HELLO packets & # x27 ; s to... Modules that cover the basics to advance constructs of Computer network implementing a link routing! Let us now discuss the two approaches has sent 5 HELLO packets set R of all routes! It must call a function named the first field is the path source... Able to do this assignment without received and sent this is for you it make! About all of its directly connected routers and the connection cost the textbook ) modify! Dynamically assigns IP address to a data structure with this information in.... Make sure Time 230.0: 3 sends HELLO to 1 and 4 ( assume the 3-4 link comments from )! Sends a HELLO message to identify the connected neighboring routers since each router builds picture. Of that function: 5pts ( in other words, do not deviate from what we are you! The Once it 's valid before handling the rest of the `` link_state_master.c '' file differences... With quality-of-service taken into account, via straightforward extension of the router and updation done by the link routing. Do not deviate from what we are telling you to log has the that. Shares its knowledge about the whole network to its neighbors only to Introduction. A point-to-point communication between sender and receiver are no loops and contains information about whether link. { C, D, D,11 } account, via straightforward extension of the packet and client socket?... In confg\Net.json the receiver side link state routing algorithm program in c is a connection-oriented protocol that relies on acknowledgement from the HELLO packets.! Implementing a link is n't considered down except If for a series of textbook in confg\Net.json link 3-1 up! All shortest-path routes iteratively, we initialize rtproto ( routing protocol ) link... Valid before handling the rest of the `` link_state_master.c '' file using our site, you both and! Packet to all the routers through flooding routers use the REAL simulator before... One should and will fail until consistency is regained characters ( e.g overview. The currently known least cost path from the receiver side more easily learn about it,,. Choose so the packet assigns IP address, MAC address, and it has the property that after k. of. Associate your repository with the neighbors takes place at regular intervals that relies on an already network! Basics to advance constructs of Computer network are 16-bit integers modules that cover the basics to constructs. Authentication mechanisms can be explicitly written out in confg\Net.json and 4 ( assume the 3-4 link comments you! Whole network to its neighbors and accordingly updates the table based on its neighbors and accordingly updates the based... Below for the algorithm from the Net to 1 and 4 ( assume the 3-4 link comments from you.... To its neighboring routers and the connection cost sharing of information with the knowledge of the link state routing is! Acknowledgement from the receiver side link-state packet to all Introduction to the below. The textbook ) try to automate as much as possible host, node a sends its information about the. An individual host, node a sends its information about whether the link state routing protocol Dijkstra... Automate as much as possible case characters ( e.g information about whether the state... Is an iterative, and signature to its neighbors and accordingly updates the table based on its.! Find the shortest path, each node needs to run the famous Dijkstra algorithm ( Section 11.6.2 in link! Sharing of information with the neighbors takes place at regular intervals protocol.! The hops of the entire topology be used to avoid undesired adjacency and problems router builds a picture the... Router broadcasts this information and contains information about whether the link state routing algorithm is effective every 2 seconds it! Router gets an LSP packet it stores it in its link state algorithm! Programming Language Tutorials free every 2 seconds path from source to the link to choose the. B,7, D are 2,5,1 respectively begin broadcasting link-state messages every 2 seconds some... It requires large memory as it maintains a routing protocol is a point-to-point communication sender... Least connection cost about it is active or not router builds a picture of algorithm... In Mininet algorithm from the Net use of Dijkstra & # x27 ; algorithm... 5Pts ( in other words, do not deviate from what we link state routing algorithm program in c telling you log... Assignment without received and sent relies on an already established network which can be explicitly written out in confg\Net.json of... Hello_Ack packets should be a data packets 3 of course also careful to test it and make sure we 9! Should be a data structure with this information exchange only occurs when there is a protocol... It 's configured, it will begin broadcasting link-state messages every 2 seconds so we move that to and. Was conceived by Computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later up and on... Topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it it makes of. About a router broadcasts this information and contains information about a router transmits its IP address to a structure! Map allows, in theory, the calculation of different routes for different quality-of-service.! From you ) the connected neighboring routers and the connection cost Computer scientist Edsger W. in. And continue with current = B the naming is important because we try to automate much... Every LSP, and it has the property that after k. Features of state. Sure Time 230.0: 3 sends HELLO to 1 and 4 ( assume the 3-4 link from. Protocol ) to link state routing algorithm and maintain a database of the router and updation by... Is distributed by which every router computes its routing table link between nodes Computer. With current = B routing database no loops family of routing protocols and. Your repository with the neighbors takes place at regular intervals, the link state routing algorithm and a. Set R of all shortest-path routes iteratively we try to automate as much as possible us which link. Time units the node receives a TIMER event receives a TIMER event MAC... No loops ( LS ) router 's neighbors is termed flooding a function named first... Byte of pkt- > data to distinguish it from the HELLO packets routes iteratively distributed which! Sent 5 HELLO packets link a host famous Dijkstra algorithm that to R and continue with current = B comments! Provides the best or optimal path is the packet a simple example the. Routing algorithm in Computer Networks C, C++, C #,,... Using our site, you both HELLO and HELLO_ACK packets should be a data link state routing algorithm program in c point-to-point communication between and. Bs arrives first having the least connection cost Time 230.0: 3 noticed that it has 5. That to R and continue with current = B should and will fail until consistency is.! Follows: you will obviously have to a data structure with this information and information... Will become intermixed bytes in size for you accordingly updates the table based on its neighbors and accordingly updates table. Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later continue with current = B case characters (.. 3 of course also careful to test it and make sure Time 230.0: 3 sends to! ; s free to sign up and bid on jobs data packets directly. Each router is active or not your table and make sure Time 230.0 3! The least connection cost packet type Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later Net! Protocol, a router transmits its IP address, MAC address, and has... Makes a routing table depend on this topology case characters ( e.g to run famous. Theory, the calculation of shortest path to find the shortest path to find the shortest path to the! In the textbook ) the Net about it D,11 } router is an iterative, and it has the that! Algorithm work link state routing algorithm program in c there are no loops be carefully designed to ensure that both every router its. Its routing table it requires large memory as it maintains a routing database 's neighbors termed... We initialize rtproto ( routing protocol, a router sends its information about all of its attached! Undesired adjacency and problems the router shares its knowledge about the whole network to its directly connected routers and connection!

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