The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. Consequently, in 1849, John Beecroft was accredited as consul for the bights of Benin and Biafra, a jurisdiction stretching from Dahomey to Cameroon. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. In 1851 deposed king Akintoye of Lagos sought British help in restoring him to the throne. Asante Resistance (Ghana) 6. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. The Native Administration was headed by the traditional rulersmostly emirs in the north and often obas in the southand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. 19, no. [11][12], The amalgamation of different ethnic and religious groups into one federation created internal tension which persists in Nigeria to the present day.[13]. Nigeria: ColonizationKatie Graham. All were knighted. The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. During his six-year tenure as High Commissioner, Sir Frederick Lugard (as he became in 1901) was occupied with transforming the commercial sphere of influence inherited from the Royal Niger Company into a viable territorial unit under effective British political control. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. In these territories, violent resistance brought colonial rule to a close. The principal commodities of legitimate trade were palm oil and palm kernels, which were used in Europe to make soap and as lubricants for machinery before petroleum products were developed for that purpose. Three years later internal divisions arose that was dominated by major ethnic loyalties. Resistance movements began to rise in . tax. Instead, the companies had to be content with a monopoly of the export trade in these products. European interpretations of Christian orthodoxy in some cases refused to allow the incorporation of local customs and practices, although the various mission denominations interpreted Christianity in different ways. In response to Azikiwe and other nationalists, the Lyttelton constitution of 1954 created a fully federal system, comprising the three geographic regions of Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons, and the Federal Territory of Lagos. The British captured Kano in 1903. 22. He insisted on maintaining the territorial integrity of the Northern Region. How did Algerias resistance to French control differ rom East africas resistance to German rule. [29] His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. [61], The task of unification was achieved on the eve of World War I. Britain subsequently lobbied other European powers to stop the slave trade as well. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. The Portuguese sold slaves as a way to "obtain spices and weapons in other areas" (Alme). It represented a substantial element of reformism in the North. Rebellions Against Colonial Rule Before the Second World War. It is not a personal union of separate colonies under the same Governor like the Windwards, it is not a Confederation of States. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. The Governor was, in effect, the coordinator for virtually autonomous entities that had overlapping economic interests but little in common politically or socially. His mission failed, but Park and his party covered more than 1,500 kilometres (930mi), passing through the western portions of the Sokoto Caliphate, before drowning when their boats overturned in rapids near Bussa. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois. The NPC was called on to form a government, but the NCNC received six of the ten ministerial posts. Sir Richmond Palmer, acting as Lieutenant Governor in the North, disagreed with Clifford and advocated the principles of Lugard and further decentralisation. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1012. In 1944 Macaulay and Nnamdi Azikiwe, an Igbo who had been educated in the United States, united more than 40 different groups to establish the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. The slave trade was heaviest in the period 17001850, with an average of 76,000 people taken from Africa each year between 1783 and 1792. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. Non-violent Resistance - In the Year of African Independence, 1961, 17 countries declared themselves independent of colonial powers, most of them non-violently, through protest and/or negotiation . Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1921. [22] Many locals remained unconvinced of the Crown's authority to completely reverse the legal and moral attributes of a social institution through fiat. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. Britain annexed Lagos in 1861 and established the Oil River Protectorate in 1884. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. By the 1950s, there were organized nationalist parties that demanded political independence in almost every colony in Africa. This was used for Britain's main purpose of taking control of the region. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. It indicates that all African people prior to colonialism have involved in . Published August 7, 2020. As a latecomer in the struggle for colonies, Germany had to settle for four territories, called "protectorates," in . The growth of Islam in pre-colonial Igbomina / Adesina Yusuf Raji. Awolowo had little difficulty in appealing to broad segments of the Yoruba population, but he worked to avoid the Action Group from being stigmatized as a "tribal" group. THE COLONIAL ECONOMIC LEGACY. Other commercial crops, such as cocoa and rubber, were encouraged, and tin was mined on the Jos Plateau. Despite these difficulties, the Action Group rapidly built an effective organisation. We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion. The arrival of the British. The women's protest of 1929 marked an apex in women's resistance in eastern Nigeria to colonial rule. I would encourage the society to resist by declaring a war against the Europeans. The delta masked the mouth of the great river, and for centuries Nigerians chose not to tell Europeans the secrets of the interior. Because Western education and Christianity spread rapidly in the south and not in the north, development was much slower in the north, and the growing disparity between north and south later caused political tensions. The large companies that subsequently opened depots in the delta cities and in Lagos were as ruthlessly competitive as the delta towns themselves and frequently used force to compel potential suppliers to agree to contracts and to meet their demands. Early nationalists tended to ignore Nigeria as the focus of patriotism. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. Osoba and Fajana pointed . The goal of activists initially was not self-determination, but increased participation on a regional level in the governmental process. He shows that, long before the growth of a mass independence movement in the wake of the second world war, there was considerable opposition to colonial rule. In case of resistance by one of its friends the other would join hands to mount formidable resistance against colonial rule e.g. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. The discussion of pragmatic resistance in Africa comes full circle with the former Portuguese colonies, South Africa, and Kenya. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. Oil income was still marginal, but the prospects for continued economic expansion appeared bright and accentuated political rivalries on the eve of independence. [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. [40] By 1893, most of the other political entities in Yorubaland recognised the practical necessity of signing another treaty with the British, this one explicitly joining them with the protectorate of Lagos. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. Three constitutions were enacted from 1946 to 1954. Although it reserved effective power in the hands of the Governor-General and his appointed Executive Council, the so-called Richards Constitution (after Governor-General Sir Arthur Richards, who was responsible for its formulation) provided for an expanded Legislative Council empowered to deliberate on matters affecting the whole country. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(04), 563. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00023909, This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 05:21. In the Bight of Biafra, the major ports were Old Calabar (Akwa Akpa), Bonny and New Calabar. Nigeria became an independent state on the October 1, 1960 after being a British colony for over 40 years. It made anti-slavery treaties with West African powers, which it enforced militarily with the blockade of Africa. As its head, the master trader taxed other traders who were members of his "house"; he maintained a war vessel, a large dugout canoe that could hold several tons of cargo and dozens of crew, for the defense of the harbor. The Women's War of 1929, known among Igbo women as Ogu Umunwanyi, occurred from November 23 to January 10, 1930. The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. [8], Through a progressive sequence of regimes, the British imposed Crown Colony government on much of the area of West Africa which came to be known as Nigeria, a form of rule which was both autocratic and bureaucratic. 1324 Words6 Pages. rebellion. In 1850, the British created a "Court of Equity" at Bonny, overseen by Beecroft, which would deal with trade disputes. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. Total revenues of central and regional governments nearly doubled in relation to the gross domestic product during the decade. Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. As a philosophical movement and critical . [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. The High Commissioner will be guided by all the usual laws of succession and the wishes of the people and chief but will set them aside if he desires for good cause to do so. It was replaced by a new coalition government led by David Lloyd George featuring Conservatives and Lloyd George's supporters in the Liberal Party, while Asquith and the remainder of the Liberals entered opposition.[69]. Initially, most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri Kingdom, Awka and other Igbo peoples. The Southern Protectorate financed itself from the outset, with revenue increasing from 361,815 to 1,933,235 over the same period. Algeria fought back and eventually was granted self rule and nigeria was put down and never got independance. Missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Colonial Lagos was a busy, cosmopolitan port. The superior weapons, tactics and political unity of the British are commonly given as reasons for their decisive ultimate victory. [10], Following military conquest, the British imposed an economic system designed to profit from African labor. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. 2, p. 211-221. . These schools would teach "the basic principles that would and should regulate character and conduct". The most striking departure was in the Northern Region, where special provisions brought the regional constitution into consonance with Islamic law and custom. In the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the huge British Empire. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. In some cases, British assignment of people to ethnic groups, and treatment based along ethnic lines, led to identification with ethnicity where none had existed before.[84]. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. Play off ethnic and social divisions . The Colonial Civil Service used intermediaries, as the Royal Niger Company had, in an expanded role which included diplomacy, propaganda and espionage. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. Jaja of Opobo allied with hrs old friends namely Alobo and Onaba to resist the British colonialists in the Niger Delta states. In 1946 a new constitution was approved by the British Parliament at Westminster and promulgated in Nigeria. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia) 5. Lugard, replacing Egerton as Governor, aborted the project in May 1913. [76], The British treasury initially supported the landlocked Northern Nigeria Protectorate with grants, totalling 250,000 or more each year. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. In an era of globalization, leaders of "recognized" nations often discuss the development of indigenous resources without inviting aboriginal leaders to the table. He was aware that the Muslim north would present problems, but he had hopes for progress along the lines which he laid down in the south, where he anticipated "general emancipation" leading to a more representative form of government. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. nigeria resistance to colonial rule. The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. . History of Islam in Nigeria. Both Africans and Europeans found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. Thanks. RESISTANCE. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. [32], In 1880, the British Government and traders demonetised the Maria Theresa dollar, to the considerable dismay of its local holders, in favour of the pound sterling. Following Lugards success in the north, he set out the principles of the administrative system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. Ethnic and kinship organisations that often took the form of a tribal union also emerged in the 1920s. [73], Africa as a whole was hit by three waves of H1N1 influenza A, the first and second would be the most deadly for the colony of Nigeria. In some instances, however, a double allegianceto the idea of sacred monarchy for its symbolic value and to modern concepts of law and administrationwas maintained. Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. [25][n 1], The missionaries gained in power throughout the 1800s. Otherwise, the Governor-General's office was essentially ceremonial. Colonial Nigeria was the area of West Africa that became the modern day Nigeria, during the time of British rule in the 19th and 20th centuries. Harding, director of Nigerian affairs at the Colonial Office, defined the official position of the British Government in support of indirect rule when he said that "direct government by impartial and honest men of alien race [] never yet satisfied a nation long and [] under such a form of government, as wealth and education increase, so do political discontent and sedition". This video gives a detailed explanation of Colonial rule in Africa, as it answers the questions: Why did Europeans colonize africa? In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. It was guerrilla warfare in the case of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952-60) and Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965-79); it was all . Political opposition to colonial rule often assumed religious dimensions. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. [11], Britain's imperialistic posture became more aggressive towards the end of the century. The Governor-General represented the British monarch as head of state and was appointed by the Crown on the advice of the Nigerian prime minister in consultation with the regional premiers. Like in other countries under imperialist rule, colonialism in Nigeria resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. Updated: 11/12/2021 Create an account The NPC continued to represent the interests of the traditional order in the pre-independence deliberations. Nigeria Lugard and Indirect Rule. [57], Egerton also supervised improvements to the Lagos harbour and extension of the local telegraph network. NEPU formed a parliamentary alliance with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. Significantly, the regional governments controlled public expenditures derived from revenues raised within each region. In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. The British Culture in Nigeria. [11][12], In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at Whitehall. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. For some time, missionaries operated in the area between Lagos and Ibadan. The Treasury used a planned budget for payment of staff and development of public works projects, and therefore could not be spent at the discretion of the local traditional ruler. Whereas Lugard had applied lessons learned in the north to the administration of the south, Clifford was prepared to extend to the north practices that had been successful in the south. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. It continued to enjoy special privileges and maintained a de facto monopoly over commerce. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). While initially organised for professional and fraternal reasons, these were centres of educated people who had chances to develop their leadership skills in the organisations, as well as form broad social networks. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. At the same time it is feasible by degrees to bring them gradually into approximation with our ideas of justice and humanity. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. Decolonization Resource Collection (National History Center) Less Scrambling, more Reflecting: Teaching about colonialism in Africa from the perspective of resistance by Bram Hubbel, February 9, 2019. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. The British took an interest in Nigeria because of its resources. This was because; education in Southern Nigeria was already leading to a level of awareness and militancy or resistance to colonial rule. It was a resistance movement whereby women in the Eastern Provinces of the British colony of Nigeria intended to reverse colonial policies that intruded on their political, economic, and social participation in local communities. Out of reverence for traditional kingship, for instance, the Oba of Benin, whose office was closely identified with Edo religion, was accepted as the sponsor of a Yoruba political movement. Ist October, 2010, marks The 50th anniversary of Nigeria's independence from imperial Britain. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". Samori Ture 7. The said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves to protect the said King and Chiefs from the attacks of any neighbouring tribes (Ibid.). Davies and Nnamdi Azikiwe. Throughout this period of reign, many changes were made to their . Whenever a trader had become successful enough to keep a war canoe, he was expected to form his own "house". opposed early self-rule for colonial Nigeria on the ground of perceived domination by the southerners. Revolutionary Mahdism and resistance to colonial rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905-6 / by Paul E. Lovejoy and J.S. 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